Dr K Prabhakar Rao
4. DISCRIMINATION OF HINDUS.
Once Muslim invaders occupied territories in India after the defeat of Prthviraj chauhan at Thneswar at the hands of Mohd Ghori, persecution and discrimination started in all fields of life. Hindus were treated as third rate citizens. They were discriminated at every instant and at every moment. Islam considers believers as supreme and permits infidels to exist under their rule for which they have to pay special tax. The tax is called Zizia Tax. However all efforts are made to weaken Hindu society by all means, like threats, persecution, luring, violence ,excessive taxation, discrimination. and curtailing freedom. The slave sultans were no doubt masters in this art. However during certain periods this phenomenon reduced as some rulers realized that they could not rule without support of Hindus. But such atmosphere was short lived. When ruler or dynasty changed invariably policies also changed mostly to worst. Every sultan believed that he was the god sent man to uphold Islam.
The discrimination in society was mostly under following forms;
1.Right to own property
2. Right to practice religion
3. Right to receive education.
4. Right to own horses
5. Right to bear arms
6. Rights for conducting certain trades
7. Rights over produce from fields
8. Right to wear expensive attire
9. Rights for justice
Note. These were apart from other forms of repression such as abduction. Mass killings, rapes, forcible marriages, looting, forcible conversion etc
Alauddin Khilji from Khilji dynasty( 1296-1316) was definitely intolerant towards the Hindus, and he tried to suppress them by every possible measure. However historians have calimed that he was the first person to introduce systematic administration.. He believed that wealth in the hands of people would lead to rebellions and thus he practiced oppression and heavy taxes. People had to survive with barest minimum. The local leaders among them were severely persecuted and they remained poor. Though historians are not unanimous on the issue of his anti-Hindu policy and its causes, yet it is sure that he never paid attention to the welfare of the Hindus. His dialogue with Qazi Mughisuddin highlights his attitude towards the Hindus when he enquires of him about the position of Hindus as taxpayers in an Islamic state ( 1).
The Qazi answered,
“According to Shariat, they are called payers of tribute (Khiraj Guzar) and if the revenue officers demand silver from them, they should with all humility and respect tender gold. If the officer throws dirt into their mouth, they must without reluctance open their mouth wide to receive it.”
The Qazi, further, emphasized that even the great Iman Abu Hanifa has told that Jaziya, should be levied on the Hindus and they should be permitted to follow their religion. Some other religious dignitaries of Islam have suggested only two alternatives for the Hindus living in an Islamic kingdom.
They should either be put to death or forced to embrace Islam. Alauddin Khalji followed the advice of the Qazi and adopted oppressive measures against the Hindus. He enhanced the load of revenue and other taxes on them. He imposed 50 per cent land revenue and snatched away the privileges of Khuts and Maqaddams. It reduced them to poverty but Dr. U. N. Dey does not agree to it. He remarks,
“The Khuts and Muqaddams at no stage of Indian history ever reached the stage of poverty as is told about them in his reign.”
Dr. Dey does not agree also with the view of Barani that the wives of Khuts and Muqaddams were compelled to seek jobs in the houses of Muslims in order to earn their livelihood. In fact, Dr. Dey is of the opinion that Alauddin’s policies were not against the Hindus. But this opinion of Dr. Dey is condemned by many other historians and they consider the policies of Alauddin anti-Hindu. Dr. K. S. Lai remarks,
“Alauddin’s measures were truly oppressive. His chief aim was to make the Hindus poor, so he abolished all the privileges of Hindu revenue officers.”
Besides levying heavy taxes, he destroyed, Hindu temples, broke the images of Hindu pods and kilfedi” Hindu war prisoners as they did not embrace Islam. Thus, Alauddin adopted an unjust and severe policy towards the Hindus on the advice of Qazi Mughisuddin. But if we want to know the reasons behind it, we shall have to read bet¬ween the lines of the pages of history. Hindus were not allowed to wear good clothes ride horses wear swords. They were not permitted to cry when some one died among them. Whenever Muslim travelers demanded they had to be accommodate by Hindu families. At every stage Hindus were reminded that they were slaves and oppressed class. Constantly they were coerced to embrace Islam if they wanted to improve themselves.
The number of Hindu subjects was quite large and they often revolted against the Muslim sultans due to their religious fanaticism and economic suppression. He wanted to stop these revolts, so he inflicted poverty on them. Dr. K. S. Lai also writes, “Alauddin wanted to impoverish his countrymen so that the word ‘rebellion’ should not come on their lips.”
But Sir Wolseley Haig does not agree, with Dr. Lai. He writes, “Alauddin next framed a special code of laws against Hindus who were obnoxious to him partly by reason of their faith, partly by reason of the wealth which many of them enjoyed and partly by reason of their turbulence, especially in the Doab.”
To sum up, we may quote Dr. S. Roy about his attitude to¬wards Hindus, “There are, however, good grounds to believe that in dealing with the Hindus, Alauddin was also actuated by communal considerations.” In fact, the anti-Hindu policy of Alauddin made the position of Hindus quite deplorable and led the Hindu society towards decline from economic, social and moral points of view. There is no doubt that Allauddin Khilji was the oppressive Sultan of India who went all out to ensure that Hindus are deplorably crushed.
The sultans also levied house-tax and grazing tax. According to the contemporary chronicler Ziyauddin Barani, all milk-producing animals like cows and goats were taxed. According to Farishtah, animals up to two pairs of oxen, a pair of buffaloes and some cows and goats were exempted. This concession was based on the principle of nisab, namely, of leaving some minimum capital to enable one to carry on with one s work. But it was hardly any relief, for there were taxes like kari, (derived from Hindi word Kar), charai and Jiziyah. The sultans of Delhi collected Jiziyah at the rate of forty, twenty and ten tankahs from the rich, the middleclass and the poor respectively.
Persecution by Mohd bin Tughlaq who came to power after fall of khilji rule was severe.Mohad bin Tughlaq came to throne after engineering the murder of his uncle and mentor Ghyasuddin Tughalaq . He got made a welcome arch that collapsed when Gayasuddin was passing under it. His very high taxation resulted in people leaving their fields and cultivation in dejection. Many ran away to forests. People were forced to cultivate fields. Those who ran way to forests were hunted like wild animals using bows and arrows. The sultan was eccentric and was off the center. People suffered greatly. His successor like Feroz sah Tughlaq was no less in persecution. In short, a substantial portion of the produce was taken away by the government as taxes and the people were left with the bare minimum for sustenance. For the Sultan had directed that only so much should be left to his subjects (raiyyat) as would maintain them from year to year without admitting of their storing up or having articles in excess. Sultan Alauddin s rigorous measures were taken note of by contemporary writers both in India and abroad. In India contemporary writers like Barani, Isami and Amir Khusrau were inclined to believe him to be a persecutor of the Hindus. Foreigners also gathered the same impression. Maulana Shamsuddin Turk, a divine from Egypt, was happy to learn that Alauddin had made the wretchedness and misery of the Hindus so great and had reduced them to such a despicable condition that the Hindu women and children went out begging at the doors of the Musalmans. The same impression is conveyed in the writings of Isami and Wassaf. While summing up the achievements of Alauddin Khalji, the contemporary chronicler Barani mentions, with due emphasis, that by the last decade of his reign the submission and obedience of the Hindus had become an established fact. Such a submission on the part of the Hindus has neither been seen before nor will be witnessed hereafter. In brief, not only the Hindu Zamindars, who had been accustomed to a life of comfort and dignity, were reduced to a deplorable position, but the Hindus in general were impoverished to such an extent that there was no sign of gold or silver left in their houses, and the wives of Khuts and Muqaddams used to seek sundry jobs in the houses of the Musalmans, work there and receive wages. The poor peasants (balahars) suffered the most. The fundamentalist Maulana Ziyauddin Barani feels jubilant at the suppression of the Hindus, and writes at length about the utter helplessness to which the peasantry had been reduced because the Sultan had left to them bare sustenance and had taken away everything else in kharaj (land revenue) and other taxes (2).
An important aspect during the rule of Delhi sultans was the elevation of slaves and eunuchs. Malik Kafur was a slave eunuch and originallya Hindu and was much patronized by Allauddin Khilji and he was soon elevated as his General and was sent on military campaigns. His successor Mubarak Khilji was of the worst type and spent time in the company of eunuchs who were mostly Hindu slaves. He spent time in sexual orgies. Finally he was murdered to a great relief of all ..
As Muslim rule progressed some of the rulers came to terms with Hindus. Baber had no time for consolidating his administration. Humayuan too had a tragic life when he was driven out by Shersha sur for 14 years. Although Humayun regained Delhi after 14 years, he died soon and was succeeded by his young son Akbar. Real consolidation and administration of Mughal empire started only with Akbar who realized that he would not be able to run administration with only Muslims and had to take Hindus also along. Some of the Rajput rulers also fell in line accepting Mughal overlordship except Rana Pratap singh of Mewar. They made marriage alliances with Akbar. Many Rajput families sent Doli to Mughal harems. In turn many Rajput nobles were given high positions, titles, honors in the court and army. Rajput soldiers were recruited into Mughal army. Raja Man singh brother of Akbars wife Jodha Bai was made the commander in Chief of Mughal army. Raja Birbal, Todar mal also occupied high positions in the court.Musicians like Tansen were honored by Akbar. Tansen in all probablilities converted to Islam and he married sister of Akbar. The practice continued during the succeeding emperors such as Jehangir, Sahjehan and Aurangzeb. Amar singh Rathore was an important Rajput commander in Shahjehans army. Aurangzeb also had many Rajput chieftains in his army and Raja Jai singh was a very important military commander during Deccan campaigns. Aurangzeb however reintroduced zizia tax on Hindus which is discriminatory. He also dismissed all court singers and musicians as music was against tenets Islam. Aurangzeb never trusted any one including his own shadow.. He always sent a Rajput and a Muslim General together in his campaigns. In his Deccan campaigns Raja Jai singh and Diler Khan fought together against Shivaji Maharaj.
In provincial kingdoms too Hindus held high positions. In Bijapur army many Marathas were given important positions. Kulkarni a Maharshtrian Brahmin was the secretary of General Afzal Khan of Bijapur who was slain at Pratapgarh by Shivaji Maharaj along with Afzal Khan. Raje Shahji, father of Shivaji Maharaj served Nizamshahi Sultnas at Ahmednagar against Mughals. Later Shahji joined Mughals and he also served Bijapu sultans after some time. Shitab Khan ( Seethapathi Raju) served Sultan Kuli of Golconda before he became independent ruler of Waranagal. Aliya Rama Raya also served Golconda sultans in his younger days before he shifted to Vijay nagar. He was the son in law of Emperor Krishna deva Raya of Vijay nagar in 16 century. Akkanna and Madanna the brothers were elevated to very high positions by Sultan Abul Hasan Kutubshah of Golconda. Madanna was made the Prime Minister ( Mir Jumla) while Akkanna was made the Army chief ( Sar E lashkar). Tupaki Krishnudu was also an important military Chieftain. Rustum rao Linganna was also a military commander in Golconda forces. Aurangzeb however was critical of this and wanted them to be removed. Finally they were assassinated in Golconda fort by the conspirators during the seize of Golconda by Mughals in 1686.Their heads were cutoff and sent to Aurangzeb at Ahmednagar who got them crushed under the feet of the elephants in the presence of his army at a parade. This shows the much hatred of the bigot emperor Aurangzeb towards Hindus. Then why glorify such persons in the history and text books?
When Europeans gained military power, Hindus were occupying important positions in Tippus kingdom at Mysore. In the modern Asifjahi rule at Hyderabad Hindus and Mulsims both occupied important positions. However Hindus in important positions were far less in number compared to Muslims. Sadashiva Reddy of Medak was an important Chieftain during the rule of Nizam II. Eminent personalities like Raja sir Kishan pershad was the Prime Minister of Hyderabad during Nizam 6 rule.There was surely discrimination during Asifjahi rule. Persecution of Hindus became rampant during the rule of last Nizam 7 during 1948 and they were suppressed harassed and killed by Razakar forces of the Nizam till Indian army invaded Hyderabad and deposed the Nizam 7.
Thus we notice that persecution and discrimination in society was very severe during Delhi sultan period that however reduced during the Mughal rule. Provincial rulers at various places were no different and by and large Hindus greatly suffered under them. The Razakars repression in 1948 at Hyderabad is the glaring example for intolerance among Muslims against Hindus even in the modern period. Although at times Hindus also enjoyed patronage of Muslim rulers, it was at the cost of selling themselves for a consideration.The history conclusively proves that Muslim rulers discriminated Hindu subjects in all walks of life. One has to feel sorry for the pseudo secular and vote catching politics by the political parties today in India who appear as if Hindus enjoyed very much under Muslim rule and there was nothing to prove that it was contrary. MK Gandhi always claimed that Hindus and Muslims were his both eyes. Sadly one of his blinded him by engineering creation of Pakistan for which MKG had no answer. No one listened to him to prevent it. Sadly even after creating Pakistan millions stayed back in India and many of them failed to accept this country as their own. The country is engulfed in terrorist activities whose aim is to divide India further and achieve ultimate Moghalistan.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Allauddin Khiljis anti Hindu policy
http://www.shareyouressays.com/114664/alauddin-khiljis-anti-hindu-policy...
2 Lower classes and un mitigated Exploitation. http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tlmr/ch7.htm
4. DISCRIMINATION OF HINDUS.
Once Muslim invaders occupied territories in India after the defeat of Prthviraj chauhan at Thneswar at the hands of Mohd Ghori, persecution and discrimination started in all fields of life. Hindus were treated as third rate citizens. They were discriminated at every instant and at every moment. Islam considers believers as supreme and permits infidels to exist under their rule for which they have to pay special tax. The tax is called Zizia Tax. However all efforts are made to weaken Hindu society by all means, like threats, persecution, luring, violence ,excessive taxation, discrimination. and curtailing freedom. The slave sultans were no doubt masters in this art. However during certain periods this phenomenon reduced as some rulers realized that they could not rule without support of Hindus. But such atmosphere was short lived. When ruler or dynasty changed invariably policies also changed mostly to worst. Every sultan believed that he was the god sent man to uphold Islam.
The discrimination in society was mostly under following forms;
1.Right to own property
2. Right to practice religion
3. Right to receive education.
4. Right to own horses
5. Right to bear arms
6. Rights for conducting certain trades
7. Rights over produce from fields
8. Right to wear expensive attire
9. Rights for justice
Note. These were apart from other forms of repression such as abduction. Mass killings, rapes, forcible marriages, looting, forcible conversion etc
Alauddin Khilji from Khilji dynasty( 1296-1316) was definitely intolerant towards the Hindus, and he tried to suppress them by every possible measure. However historians have calimed that he was the first person to introduce systematic administration.. He believed that wealth in the hands of people would lead to rebellions and thus he practiced oppression and heavy taxes. People had to survive with barest minimum. The local leaders among them were severely persecuted and they remained poor. Though historians are not unanimous on the issue of his anti-Hindu policy and its causes, yet it is sure that he never paid attention to the welfare of the Hindus. His dialogue with Qazi Mughisuddin highlights his attitude towards the Hindus when he enquires of him about the position of Hindus as taxpayers in an Islamic state ( 1).
The Qazi answered,
“According to Shariat, they are called payers of tribute (Khiraj Guzar) and if the revenue officers demand silver from them, they should with all humility and respect tender gold. If the officer throws dirt into their mouth, they must without reluctance open their mouth wide to receive it.”
The Qazi, further, emphasized that even the great Iman Abu Hanifa has told that Jaziya, should be levied on the Hindus and they should be permitted to follow their religion. Some other religious dignitaries of Islam have suggested only two alternatives for the Hindus living in an Islamic kingdom.
They should either be put to death or forced to embrace Islam. Alauddin Khalji followed the advice of the Qazi and adopted oppressive measures against the Hindus. He enhanced the load of revenue and other taxes on them. He imposed 50 per cent land revenue and snatched away the privileges of Khuts and Maqaddams. It reduced them to poverty but Dr. U. N. Dey does not agree to it. He remarks,
“The Khuts and Muqaddams at no stage of Indian history ever reached the stage of poverty as is told about them in his reign.”
Dr. Dey does not agree also with the view of Barani that the wives of Khuts and Muqaddams were compelled to seek jobs in the houses of Muslims in order to earn their livelihood. In fact, Dr. Dey is of the opinion that Alauddin’s policies were not against the Hindus. But this opinion of Dr. Dey is condemned by many other historians and they consider the policies of Alauddin anti-Hindu. Dr. K. S. Lai remarks,
“Alauddin’s measures were truly oppressive. His chief aim was to make the Hindus poor, so he abolished all the privileges of Hindu revenue officers.”
Besides levying heavy taxes, he destroyed, Hindu temples, broke the images of Hindu pods and kilfedi” Hindu war prisoners as they did not embrace Islam. Thus, Alauddin adopted an unjust and severe policy towards the Hindus on the advice of Qazi Mughisuddin. But if we want to know the reasons behind it, we shall have to read bet¬ween the lines of the pages of history. Hindus were not allowed to wear good clothes ride horses wear swords. They were not permitted to cry when some one died among them. Whenever Muslim travelers demanded they had to be accommodate by Hindu families. At every stage Hindus were reminded that they were slaves and oppressed class. Constantly they were coerced to embrace Islam if they wanted to improve themselves.
The number of Hindu subjects was quite large and they often revolted against the Muslim sultans due to their religious fanaticism and economic suppression. He wanted to stop these revolts, so he inflicted poverty on them. Dr. K. S. Lai also writes, “Alauddin wanted to impoverish his countrymen so that the word ‘rebellion’ should not come on their lips.”
But Sir Wolseley Haig does not agree, with Dr. Lai. He writes, “Alauddin next framed a special code of laws against Hindus who were obnoxious to him partly by reason of their faith, partly by reason of the wealth which many of them enjoyed and partly by reason of their turbulence, especially in the Doab.”
To sum up, we may quote Dr. S. Roy about his attitude to¬wards Hindus, “There are, however, good grounds to believe that in dealing with the Hindus, Alauddin was also actuated by communal considerations.” In fact, the anti-Hindu policy of Alauddin made the position of Hindus quite deplorable and led the Hindu society towards decline from economic, social and moral points of view. There is no doubt that Allauddin Khilji was the oppressive Sultan of India who went all out to ensure that Hindus are deplorably crushed.
The sultans also levied house-tax and grazing tax. According to the contemporary chronicler Ziyauddin Barani, all milk-producing animals like cows and goats were taxed. According to Farishtah, animals up to two pairs of oxen, a pair of buffaloes and some cows and goats were exempted. This concession was based on the principle of nisab, namely, of leaving some minimum capital to enable one to carry on with one s work. But it was hardly any relief, for there were taxes like kari, (derived from Hindi word Kar), charai and Jiziyah. The sultans of Delhi collected Jiziyah at the rate of forty, twenty and ten tankahs from the rich, the middleclass and the poor respectively.
Persecution by Mohd bin Tughlaq who came to power after fall of khilji rule was severe.Mohad bin Tughlaq came to throne after engineering the murder of his uncle and mentor Ghyasuddin Tughalaq . He got made a welcome arch that collapsed when Gayasuddin was passing under it. His very high taxation resulted in people leaving their fields and cultivation in dejection. Many ran away to forests. People were forced to cultivate fields. Those who ran way to forests were hunted like wild animals using bows and arrows. The sultan was eccentric and was off the center. People suffered greatly. His successor like Feroz sah Tughlaq was no less in persecution. In short, a substantial portion of the produce was taken away by the government as taxes and the people were left with the bare minimum for sustenance. For the Sultan had directed that only so much should be left to his subjects (raiyyat) as would maintain them from year to year without admitting of their storing up or having articles in excess. Sultan Alauddin s rigorous measures were taken note of by contemporary writers both in India and abroad. In India contemporary writers like Barani, Isami and Amir Khusrau were inclined to believe him to be a persecutor of the Hindus. Foreigners also gathered the same impression. Maulana Shamsuddin Turk, a divine from Egypt, was happy to learn that Alauddin had made the wretchedness and misery of the Hindus so great and had reduced them to such a despicable condition that the Hindu women and children went out begging at the doors of the Musalmans. The same impression is conveyed in the writings of Isami and Wassaf. While summing up the achievements of Alauddin Khalji, the contemporary chronicler Barani mentions, with due emphasis, that by the last decade of his reign the submission and obedience of the Hindus had become an established fact. Such a submission on the part of the Hindus has neither been seen before nor will be witnessed hereafter. In brief, not only the Hindu Zamindars, who had been accustomed to a life of comfort and dignity, were reduced to a deplorable position, but the Hindus in general were impoverished to such an extent that there was no sign of gold or silver left in their houses, and the wives of Khuts and Muqaddams used to seek sundry jobs in the houses of the Musalmans, work there and receive wages. The poor peasants (balahars) suffered the most. The fundamentalist Maulana Ziyauddin Barani feels jubilant at the suppression of the Hindus, and writes at length about the utter helplessness to which the peasantry had been reduced because the Sultan had left to them bare sustenance and had taken away everything else in kharaj (land revenue) and other taxes (2).
An important aspect during the rule of Delhi sultans was the elevation of slaves and eunuchs. Malik Kafur was a slave eunuch and originallya Hindu and was much patronized by Allauddin Khilji and he was soon elevated as his General and was sent on military campaigns. His successor Mubarak Khilji was of the worst type and spent time in the company of eunuchs who were mostly Hindu slaves. He spent time in sexual orgies. Finally he was murdered to a great relief of all ..
As Muslim rule progressed some of the rulers came to terms with Hindus. Baber had no time for consolidating his administration. Humayuan too had a tragic life when he was driven out by Shersha sur for 14 years. Although Humayun regained Delhi after 14 years, he died soon and was succeeded by his young son Akbar. Real consolidation and administration of Mughal empire started only with Akbar who realized that he would not be able to run administration with only Muslims and had to take Hindus also along. Some of the Rajput rulers also fell in line accepting Mughal overlordship except Rana Pratap singh of Mewar. They made marriage alliances with Akbar. Many Rajput families sent Doli to Mughal harems. In turn many Rajput nobles were given high positions, titles, honors in the court and army. Rajput soldiers were recruited into Mughal army. Raja Man singh brother of Akbars wife Jodha Bai was made the commander in Chief of Mughal army. Raja Birbal, Todar mal also occupied high positions in the court.Musicians like Tansen were honored by Akbar. Tansen in all probablilities converted to Islam and he married sister of Akbar. The practice continued during the succeeding emperors such as Jehangir, Sahjehan and Aurangzeb. Amar singh Rathore was an important Rajput commander in Shahjehans army. Aurangzeb also had many Rajput chieftains in his army and Raja Jai singh was a very important military commander during Deccan campaigns. Aurangzeb however reintroduced zizia tax on Hindus which is discriminatory. He also dismissed all court singers and musicians as music was against tenets Islam. Aurangzeb never trusted any one including his own shadow.. He always sent a Rajput and a Muslim General together in his campaigns. In his Deccan campaigns Raja Jai singh and Diler Khan fought together against Shivaji Maharaj.
In provincial kingdoms too Hindus held high positions. In Bijapur army many Marathas were given important positions. Kulkarni a Maharshtrian Brahmin was the secretary of General Afzal Khan of Bijapur who was slain at Pratapgarh by Shivaji Maharaj along with Afzal Khan. Raje Shahji, father of Shivaji Maharaj served Nizamshahi Sultnas at Ahmednagar against Mughals. Later Shahji joined Mughals and he also served Bijapu sultans after some time. Shitab Khan ( Seethapathi Raju) served Sultan Kuli of Golconda before he became independent ruler of Waranagal. Aliya Rama Raya also served Golconda sultans in his younger days before he shifted to Vijay nagar. He was the son in law of Emperor Krishna deva Raya of Vijay nagar in 16 century. Akkanna and Madanna the brothers were elevated to very high positions by Sultan Abul Hasan Kutubshah of Golconda. Madanna was made the Prime Minister ( Mir Jumla) while Akkanna was made the Army chief ( Sar E lashkar). Tupaki Krishnudu was also an important military Chieftain. Rustum rao Linganna was also a military commander in Golconda forces. Aurangzeb however was critical of this and wanted them to be removed. Finally they were assassinated in Golconda fort by the conspirators during the seize of Golconda by Mughals in 1686.Their heads were cutoff and sent to Aurangzeb at Ahmednagar who got them crushed under the feet of the elephants in the presence of his army at a parade. This shows the much hatred of the bigot emperor Aurangzeb towards Hindus. Then why glorify such persons in the history and text books?
When Europeans gained military power, Hindus were occupying important positions in Tippus kingdom at Mysore. In the modern Asifjahi rule at Hyderabad Hindus and Mulsims both occupied important positions. However Hindus in important positions were far less in number compared to Muslims. Sadashiva Reddy of Medak was an important Chieftain during the rule of Nizam II. Eminent personalities like Raja sir Kishan pershad was the Prime Minister of Hyderabad during Nizam 6 rule.There was surely discrimination during Asifjahi rule. Persecution of Hindus became rampant during the rule of last Nizam 7 during 1948 and they were suppressed harassed and killed by Razakar forces of the Nizam till Indian army invaded Hyderabad and deposed the Nizam 7.
Thus we notice that persecution and discrimination in society was very severe during Delhi sultan period that however reduced during the Mughal rule. Provincial rulers at various places were no different and by and large Hindus greatly suffered under them. The Razakars repression in 1948 at Hyderabad is the glaring example for intolerance among Muslims against Hindus even in the modern period. Although at times Hindus also enjoyed patronage of Muslim rulers, it was at the cost of selling themselves for a consideration.The history conclusively proves that Muslim rulers discriminated Hindu subjects in all walks of life. One has to feel sorry for the pseudo secular and vote catching politics by the political parties today in India who appear as if Hindus enjoyed very much under Muslim rule and there was nothing to prove that it was contrary. MK Gandhi always claimed that Hindus and Muslims were his both eyes. Sadly one of his blinded him by engineering creation of Pakistan for which MKG had no answer. No one listened to him to prevent it. Sadly even after creating Pakistan millions stayed back in India and many of them failed to accept this country as their own. The country is engulfed in terrorist activities whose aim is to divide India further and achieve ultimate Moghalistan.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Allauddin Khiljis anti Hindu policy
http://www.shareyouressays.com/114664/alauddin-khiljis-anti-hindu-policy...
2 Lower classes and un mitigated Exploitation. http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tlmr/ch7.htm
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